chromosomes

Their dna was shared and 23 chromosomes were combined from each of the specimens to create a new experimental offspring.

The 3 billion number is the sum of the number of base pairs of all of the different chromosomes; i.e.

The sex determining chromosomes are just two among 23 chromosome pairs in the human genome.

How about someone with a different number of chromosomes such as a Down's syndrome patient?

The major part of her hand was dealt when she got two X chromosomes.

Not sure where you have got that description of telomeres, a better analogy would be protective caps on the ends of your chromosomes.

There are 18 loci on 15 chromosomes that are associated with myopia.

Telomeres are repeated lengths of DNA at the ends of chromosomes.

I was going to use X and Y before I thought about chromosomes.

Reproduction causes a loss of half of the chromosomes.

This maintenance of telomere length in stem cells is achieved through the activity of telomerase, an enzyme that adds repeated DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes.

On of the reasons for this is because, chromosomally, women have two X chromosomes, which pair up, and then randomly one or another turns off.

The "very small number" applies to having visible calico skin pattern, not having two X chromosomes, a random one disabled in each cell.

Focusing on this being a "gendered" issue leads you to ignore other factors that may be more predictive (and possibly causative, but there's nothing conclusive yet) than what sex chromosomes someone has.

"The study you linked describes current faculty expressing a desire to bring it towards a balance." So if you've got XY chromosomes and you're finishing your post-graduate degree who is a solid candidate for a position in academia and that is where you want to work, then you're getting screwed right now through absolutely no fault of your own just because you happen to have XY chromosomes.

One type has an X chromosome inherited from her mother, and another type of cell has an X chromosome from her father", but I remembered that all cells in a woman have both X chromosomes.