crustal

Probably heat due to gravitational crustal deformation (in multi body systems) and/or radioactivity of planetary constituent elements.

It can extract heat at a much higher rate than the average crustal heat flow, at least for a time.

It's a zone of crustal extension, with the crust being pulled apart on an east-west axis.

Rare earths aren't all that rare, they generally have a crustal abundance comparable to copper.

Symptomatic lithospheric drips triggering fast topographic rise and crustal deformation in the Central Andes.

Statistically it's more likely for a human to be neither male nor female than it is for crustal matter to be gold.

Iron is like 5% of average crustal rocks and is abundant in soils.

If the evidence of crustal thinning and volatile release is as compelling as the imagery suggests, why the reluctance to address it head-on???

Phosphorus will ultimately have to be mined from lower concentration deposits, perhaps ultimately from average crustal rocks, where it appears at about 0.1% concentration.

There's vastly more olivine available than any crustal rock such as limestone.

And a lot of lava comes from crustal melting, not mantle material.

I had heard we thought there were no plate tectonics on Venus because it had no water to assist sub-crustal flow.

What fraction of crustal uranium would you estimate was sourced from the "late veneer"?

"Rare earth" metals are not rare in terms of crustal abundance, but earths of them (minable ore bodies with few impurities) are rare.

McSween Jr., "Formation of Evolved Rocks at Gale Crater by Crystal Fractionation and Implications for Mars Crustal Composition", Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 123 (2018), Issue 6, pp.

- These "micronova" solar outbursts then impact the Earth, causing catastrophic effects like disrupting the boundary between the crust and mantle (the low velocity zone), inducing crustal displacement or rotation changes, generating intense cosmic ray bombardment, and potentially leading to climate changes and ice ages.

Crustal abundance up to 1000x that of lithium - pretty much every nation has effectively unlimited supply, it's no longer a barrier or a geographically limited resource like lithium.