habilitation

Re -habilitation means making that person a capable member of society again.

There's no requirement for habilitation here, so PhD is almost always a final degree.

Maybe in Europe PhDs are easier because you require the extra step of habilitation.

It's not at all surprising since Benjamin's tract was notoriously impenetrable, even to his original examiners, which resulted in his habilitation being rejected.

This may only be tangentially related, but you might be interested in the recent research on Qualitative Constraint Satisfaction Problems - a good introduction to the topic is Manuel Bodirsky's habilitation thesis [1].

In some places, not all teaching is paid (Germany has a law that after passing one's habilitation - a sort of second Ph.

If you want to teach at university after you get your doctorate you need to basically do another one, but it’s called a habilitation.

Our PhDs also used to take really long, being closer to a habilitation in some European countries than what is currently typical for a PhD.

You can even call it a habilitation, like the Germans do.

But Germany wasn't (and is still not) able to support geniuses that don't complete the usual strict path to professorship (study -> phd -> habilitation/post-doc).

Other students instead of Chemistry classes had Masonry classes and got an habilitation to build a small house (up to 2 stories?) and other Electronic classes,...

Or bring back the Habilitation above PhD for serious academics.

For the connection between CZF and type theory (choice and excluded middle are orthogonal on both sides) see Benjamin Werner "Sets in types, types in sets" and Bruno Barras' (still unpublished but available) habilitation thesis.

Nowadays, surviving in the academy without a PhD (or even, in countries like Germany, without the higher "habilitation") and without abiding to the "publish or perish" rule has become increasingly unrealistic.

> Google: After the lost war, many German-National professors, meanwhile the majority in the faculty, saw themselves as their duty to keep the universities from the “odd”; Young scientists were most vulnerable before their habilitation.

At the end, I get a the "Secondary School" degree that enables me to go to the university and also some official habilitation to run a small chemistry factory or laboratory (oversimplifying the legal details) (probably is more accurate to say that I can supervise a few persosns in a factory or a lab).