silicate

The mantle is made of heavy silicate rocks and the crust is made of light silicate rocks, which float on the denser mantle.

Most of the iron in the crust is bound in silicate or carbonate minerals, and energetically expensive to extract.

The reason is that both the mantle and the crust are made mostly of silicate rocks.

However, instead of forming free water, the H2O reacts with the other minerals to form a silicate liquid (i.e.

They add a sodium silicate to the engines instead of oil which causes significant internal engine damage.

The bit they heated transformed into the minerals perovskite and ferropericlase, and amorphous material the authors interpret as quenched silicate liquid (i.e.

Low velocity zones are interpreted to be associated with the presence of silicate liquids.

But the way they are composed is lots of ices (volatile molecules in solid form) being built on the silicate/graphite refractory core.

Sodium silicate is part of the process but so are lots of other things.

Morton's, for instance, is >99% NaCl, yet also contains dextrose and calcium silicate.

This has often been viewed within the context of silicate weathering changes, although the specific contributions of the potential drivers remain poorly understood.

Some substances in the dishwasher detergent are bad for steel, like sodium silicate.

Perovskite is also common in "the planet": 93% of the mantle is silicate perovskite, according to Wikipedia.

True, but even with that, the amount of siderophile elements like platinum and gold in the crust is much less than in the core of the Earth ("siderophile" means that at the contact between molten iron and molten silicate rock such elements go into the molten iron).

"Silicate solution" presumably means waterglass rather than something like tetraethyl orthosilicate, and if it hardens rather than foaming up at 250°, it's either because they're doing the process under pressure or, more likely, the other inorganics they mention are donating polyvalent cations such as Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Al³⁺, or Fe³⁺ to crosslink the silicate residues.