niobium

It uses niobium-tin and niobium-titanium low temperature superconductors in its magnets.

You can reduce this effect by doping it with niobium and keeping the UF4/UF3 ratio to less than 60.

Columbium is apparently an old name for niobium, and one perhaps still in use by American metallurgists.

Instead of world buys niobium from china, makes it into expensive magnets and ships magnets to china to build into stuff.

We measure 800 Ghz and teraherz clocks on niobium superconducting Josephson Junctions [3,4,5].

Apparently, even a small natural niobium contamination would make it a low-grade waste.

Not to mention many of the specialised alloying elements like Niobium etc.

I guess we can just read the article: > The researchers found particles containing the rare elements niobium and hafnium.

Besides, metals like lithium corrode too easily, and other rare metals like zirconium/niobium/tantalum/REEs are intrinsically scarce so minting coins from them would be wasteful.

I wonder if there's any hope of someone getting hands on nine tonnes of niobium and getting it to ~ 1 mK.

There's no way anyone was making huge niobium forgings, though.

> (disappointingly not 9 tonnes of niobium!) among others) - but decades of experimentalists trying and no confident result...

"New niobium thin film conducts better than copper" would have been my choice, but it would probably get butchered by the autofilter to something as useless as the current title anyway, because 'new' is probably elided, as would 'than'.

"[...] in the first layer, nearest the plasma, the rate of production of 94Nb – via neutron capture (n,γ) reactions on the stable 93Nb of niobium – is so high that Eurofer in this region is predicted to exceed the France-LLW limit within the first year of operation, and consequently would not be disposable as LLW under French regulations for more than 1000 years." It's not just the steel.

Niobium nitride, which is not a high temperature superconductor, but rather has a transition temperature of around 16 K.

Niobium thin film superconducting circuits have to be cooled to about 4 Kelvin to be 'properly 'operational'.

Superconducting Materials Current State: NbTi Superconductors: NbTi (Niobium-Titanium) superconductors are among the most common, with critical temperatures around 9-10 K.