chloroplast

The reason is that the captured solar energy is used not only for these redox reactions, but also for pumping ions across the chloroplast membrane.

Where could the plants evolve 'to' if they have no chance of getting energy from alternative (chloroplast) sources?

It mostly happens in *leaves*, especially in a part called the *chloroplast*, which contains a green pigment called *chlorophyll*.

You seem to be confusing this with the origin of eukaryotic, chloroplast-based photosynthesis, which is indeed a different question.

It’s been proven using electron microscopes that generic photosynthesis uses a quantum mechanical process inside every chloroplast.

We identified ten progenitor citrus species by combining diversity analysis, multidimensional scaling and chloroplast genome phylogeny.

They mostly lost their chloroplast genomes so they can't 'go back' to being regular plants.

You need enormous quantities of chloroplast life in your house to help you - and to constantly shovel excess out, impractical.

In a way, carnivory in plants is an evolutionary 'dead end' similar to parasitism, which is also often linked to chloroplast loss.

While animals and plants share mitochondria, they do not share plastids (chloroplast, chromoplast, etc.).

Once that's done, it works just as well for the chloroplast.

It would cost a plant more energy to build such a multi-layered chloroplast, so perhaps having just a single layer using a single range of the spectrum is the most optimal (at least as a local maximum).

"Cyanobacteria live just about everywhere on Earth that sunlight reaches: cold arctic tundra, Plant cells have an organelle called a chloroplast, which can be traced back to cyanobacteria, genetically." I did not know about the molybdenum.