lineages

Abstract: The comprehensive reconstruction of cell lineages in complex multicellular organisms is a central goal of developmental biology.

This is due to endogamy within kin groups and lineages or national, cultural or linguistic boundaries.

This could also be done for lineages of women as well, by following mitochondrial DNA.

When that happens, something like 98% or more of all lineages will go extinct, and until that happens, even evolution itself won't know or care what fitness even means.

We can trace human lineages by following either the Y-chrosome DNA or the mitochondrial mtDNA.

The history of biological evolution is marked with periods of rapid diversification followed by mass extinctions and consolidation of remaining lineages.

Evolutionary geneticists don't trace individual lineages that far out, nor would they need to.

One of the interesting things about bacteria is that there are two major lineages here on earth (the archea and the true bacteria).

Goat and sheep lineages diverged approximately five to eight million years ago[1].

Not that it's hard: you could determine the ancestor and different lineages just using the hashes of the commits upon the first push to github.

But yes, the JVM/runtime is vaguely Smalltalkish, and this is no accident given that many of the key contributors came from Self and Smalltalk lineages.

There's nothing magical about making cell lineages last essentially forever.

Maybe I am missing something in the article, but how do they identify the "founders" of these Y-chromosome lineages?

Since 2003 there have been other cases of “super-Y” lineages.

The abstract of the paper says: "In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky.

The existence of these Y chromosomal lineages, which have burst upon the genetic landscape like explosive stars sweeping aside all other variation before them, indicates a periodic it “winner-take-all” dynamic in human genetics more reminiscent of hyper-polygynous mammals such as elephant seals.