periosteum

The periosteum, rich in blood vessels and nerves, is essential for bone growth and regeneration.

Following a local injection of Marcaine (50 μl), the scalp and periosteum over the dorsal surface of the skull were removed.

This leads to blockage of the Haversian canals which, obviously, inhibits the normal production of osteoblasts, irritating the periosteum which triggers the familiar aching feelings.

>>> The periosteum, rich in blood vessels and nerves, is essential for bone growth and regeneration.

The meninges and periosteum, which I mentioned also have pain receptors which can be involved in headaches, are very much not the same thing as the scalp.

From the article: --- The surgical team, led by Wright, managed to preserve a vital layer of tissue called the periosteum, which played a crucial role in Tyson’s recovery.

Other than the (significantly large, true!) hard mineral portion, bones comprise a lot of types of living tissue and you don't want to make a hole in them or their periosteum wrapper unless you absolutely must.

There are no pain receptors in the brain, but there are pain receptors in the head (particularly, the meninges, periosteum, and scalp), and those are the receptors which produce headaches.

Many problems involving bone defects can be solved by preparation of idealized periosteum from materials with different properties using various techniques." --- So, yeah - it looks like thats the way forward, its just the " Various Techniques(tm) " that still need refining, I assume...