macromolecules

The polymerization of nucleotides and of amino-acids and of most other organic macromolecules is done by water extraction (a.k.a.

You digest these macromolecules like any other proteins, thereby breaking them down into little amino acids.

Fast forward billions of years: the entire volume of the planet (where temperature allows macromolecules to exist) is alive somehow...

Now, the history of the human body is the history of its organic macromolecules, its linkages (pardon me) of separate atoms.

For specific macromolecules like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, ribosomes, etc we kept track of the position of each individual molecule.

I've no idea about fossils, but I suspect macromolecules like ribosomes or DNA might have too small features to fossilise?

Even when ingested, these macromolecules would be digested rather than absorbed, as in the case of a bioactive small molecule that is readily absorbed from consumer plastics (e.g.

> Many of the macromolecules found in a cell can be generated abiotically.

Fundamentally we're limited by two things- the boiling point of water, and the fact that biological macromolecules are very complex and fall apart or crumple up at high temperatures.

'Polymers are essentially macromolecules made up of 10000 or more atoms'; 'the researchers (...) are now submitting their findings to Science'), but that's what science editors are there for.

I knew that chemical bounds were vibrating (with a frequency proportional to their energy, E=h(nu)), but, for some reason, I had never envisioned macromolecules wiggling and vibrating as a whole.

Nature grants us a huge reprieve in that typical macromolecules usually only have a small number of functions and often only act in a statistical sense (they can be well characterized by their concentration and the concentration of their substrates in different compartments).

From the paper: "They are typically grown using white-rot filamentous fungi for their inherent ability to decompose lignocellulosic macromolecules.

This kind of reaction is what I have referred to as "side reactions" that happened during the use of ATP and of the other nucleotides as energy sources for the polycondensation reactions used in living beings to make macromolecules.

It's incredibly complicated and every type of tissue has it's own specific mechanisms for forming it's 3D structure but the short answer is that there is an "extracellular matrix" that forms a network of macromolecules using collagen, elastin, fibronectin, and a bunch more signaling and structural proteins that organize cell growth.