extracellular

Medicine typically only knocks on the door with extracellular signaling. The cell remains a black box.

I seem to remember some promising experiments that grew replacement hearts on an existing extracellular matrix. While they were still a long way from being true replacements, they showed enough functionality to look like a promising direction.

Their method of disabling that particular protein doesn't directly address the problem of the biofilms having a less-permeable extracellular matrix.

In situations where extracellular ice exists, it will melt during rewarming and thus cause osmotic shock to the dehydrated cell. In the concentrated solute version of vitrification like we see in cryonics, the concern is more that the concentrated solutes will interact with proteins when they get warm enough to do so.

Which is part of the reason why amphetamine increases extracellular dopamine. Unfortunately, instead of being nicely packaged in vesicles, now some of these dopamine are floating around in the cytosol, making them susceptible to autooxidation to quinones, nasty stuff.

Rid cells of aggregate intracellular waste, repair non-trivial DNA damage, restore the extracellular metabolome, etc. I think we should stop funding/granting scholarships to liberal arts majors.

Bones also suffer from other processes that damage the structural properties of the extracellular matrix such as cross-linking by hard to break down sugar compounds. There is also a process of growing cellular dysregulation wherein the ongoing bone remodeling favors destruction over construction, and that is distinct from stem cell decline.

More complex organs will require either decellularized donor organs or volume-printed extracellular matrix scaffolds, combined with induced pluripotence in autologous donor cells. It will be a while before it becomes cheap enough for hobbyist hacking, but have no doubt that someone visiting this site right now will be biohacking on himself or herself in the future.

You don't always get expansion of the extracellular fluid space with chronic kidney disease due to hypertension; with some tubulointerstitial diseases, you develop salt-wasting nephropathies. Perhaps these were the hypertensive patients who were referenced in the article, voraciously eating salt due to a deficiency caused by their kidney disease?

Between stem cells, volume printers, and extracellular matrix, autologous donor organ replacement seems possible. Hibernating amphibian studies tend to indicate that a blood replacement containing glycerine, perfluorodecalin, raffinose, glycogen, and drugs would help minimize human tissue damage from the freezing and thawing process.