ester

These are ketone ester drinks, but nothing really mainstream or in energy drinks.

One way to "powderize" it is to make it into an ester, which in this case would be an ethyl ester[1,2].

That's why I assumed the innovation was in the carboxylic part of the ester.

Yes, but the ester will probably only affect the hydrophobicity and will be hydrolised at some point.

Not really sure where you got the idea that the some esters of testosterone are ok for first time users and others aren't, except maybe no ester.

Ethanol is an alcohol with only a single hydroxyl group, so it can only form an ester with a single fatty acid.

Now that all the fatty acids are in separate molecules, you can distill off the lower boiling ethyl esters of short chain fatty acids.

The solution is transesterification, where the glycerols are removed and replaced with ethanol.

Hydrolysis of the ester will occur under acidic conditions which would be brought about by dissolution of carbonic acid.

The single unit is terephthalate, a " dimethyl-ester that is a major starting material for polyester fibers and coatings.

With a high ratio of aromatic terephthalate units—which reduce chain mobility—PET is a polyester that is extremely difficult to hydrolyse5.

The first membranes must have been much more permeable than the membranes used by the last common ancestor so either shorter free fatty acids or some simpler ester or ether of shorter fatty acids should have been enough for them.

This would explain why they claim their product to contain ~50% ethanol by weight: they need a lot so that the equilibrium concentration is at around 5%.Assuming my guessing is correct, the innovation here is in the ester.

Close enough, I've spotted a minor mistake:Butterscotch flavor from butter is done via esterification in high temperature, which does require both saturated fats, protein, right acidity and high heat.