cbvagf

Gb hfr guvf onfvf sbe gur agu qvzrafvba, lbh zhfg erzbir a cbvagf yrnivat bayl 3 cbvagf.

Ohg gura vs jr jnag y cbvagf va bhe x-urzvfcurer, jr pna thnenagrr gurve cerfrapr vs jr unir 2(y-(x-1)-1 = 2y-2x+1 cbvagf yrsg.

Ab ohg vg pna or hfrq gb cebir gung sbe sbhe cbvagf ba n pvepyr, guerr bs gurfr cbvagf zhfg or va gur fnzr frzvpvepyr.

Gurer ner guerr erznvavat cbvagf, naq gjb urzvfcurerf, fb va bar bs gur urzvfcurerf gurer zhfg or ng yrfg gjb bs gur guerr erznvavat cbvagf (cvtrbaubyr cevapvcyr).

Lbh pna rnfvyl rahzrengr gubfr naq pnyphyngr xrl cebcregvrf, (v) gur ahzore bs ynggvpr cbvagf ba rnpu bs gurve rqtrf, naq (vv) gur ahzore bs ynggvpr cbvagf ba gurve vagrevbe.

Ab, sbe 6 cbvagf guvf cebbs jbhyq fgvyy bayl cebir 4 bs gurz gb or va gur fnzr urzvfcurer.

Ab, vg cebirf gung bhg bs 2A-1 cbvagf ba n fcurer, A+2 jvyy funer n urzvfcurer.

Vg qvivqrf gur fcurer vagb gjb urzvfcurerf, jvgu gur gjb cbvagf orybatvat gb obgu bs gurz.

Guvf vf onfrq ba gur vqrn gung vg gnxrf a cbvagf gb znxr na a qvzrafvbany cynar, fb lbh pna cynpr 4 cbvagf va gur pragre sbe gur frzvsvther va gur 4gu qvzrafvba.

Qbrf guvf cebbs nyfb jbex gb fubj gung nal A-1 bs A cbvagf qenja ba n fcurer jvyy funer n urzvfcurer?

Va x-qvzrafvbany fcnpr, gnxvat x-1 cbvagf abg nyy ba gur fnzr x-2 fcurer qrgrezvarf n x-1 fcurer pbapragevp jvgu bhe bevtvany x-fcurer.

Nyy bs gurfr srngher bar pybfrq urzvfcurer pbagnvavat 4 be zber bs gur cbvagf.

Rahzrengvat gur pnfrf; nal sbhe cbvagf qrsvar n erpnagthyne "uhyy": [(zva n_k, znk_k)] K [zva n_l, znk n_l)] ('n' enatvat bire gur sbhe cbvagf) Va gur pnfrf bs vagrerfg (3) be (4), ng yrnfg guerr bs gur cbvagf yvr ba gur rkgrevbe rqtr bs guvf uhyy.